The other day I had an unhappy exchange
with two beloved Facebook friends. The exchange disturbed me a great deal and I
want to devote a more detailed post to it later. For now, this.
A Jewish friend, "Bob," made a
disparaging comment about Jewish Christians. I don't know much about Jewish
Christians. I'm one of those wacky, eccentric outliers who actually thinks that
I should know something about a topic before I spout off about it on the internet,
so, as part of conversing with Bob, I read up on Jewish Christians.
Within about twenty seconds of beginning
my internet search, I received a perky chat from Jews for Jesus.
Was I a Jew or Gentile?
Well, I've never liked the word
"Gentile," but if those are the two choices, I'm a Gentile.
Are you a believer in Jesus? The chat
bot asked me.
Yes, I am.
Would you like more information about
how to witness to your Jewish friends?
Hell no. My powers of charm and persuasion
are such that if I began witnessing to anyone, the world population of
Christians would crash.
Even so, the chat bot sent me some links
on how to witness to Jewish friends. But never answered the specific question I
asked. Oh, well. My question was one of terminology. So I'm still not sure what
to call "Jewish Christians," so for now I'll stick with "Jewish
Christians." Others prefer "Messianic Jews." To me that phrase
sounds like Jews with a Messiah complex.
I began watching testimonials by Jewish
Christians posted on YouTube. I am really enjoying these testimonials. They are
brief, dramatic, personal, intimate, and very well produced. I wish more movies
displayed the qualities of these testimonials.
I noticed themes. The testimonials present
Jewish identity as highly desirable and a source of the speaker's pride. They
make clear: they love being Jewish and would never want to be anything but
Jewish. Jews win Nobel prizes; Jews are God's chosen; Jews make great chicken
soup; Jews survive persecution; Jews have charming grandparents.
On the other hand, the testimonials are
uniform in presenting contemporary American practice of Judaism quite
negatively. Rabbis are unsympathetic and abrupt, synagogue services lack
spirituality and are more of a social event, there is no closeness with God, Jewish
practice involves just going through the motions of a bunch of empty rituals
without any thought, feeling, or commitment. Speakers voice a yearning for a
richer spiritual life. Mind: it's not I saying this; rather, it is the speakers
in the testimonials. I have not researched this topic and cannot address it.
Another major theme of these
testimonials is Jewish fear and hatred of, and contempt for, Jesus, Christians,
and Christianity. "Jesus deserved to be crucified," one man says his
mother told him. Christians are a bunch of ignorant, violent murderers,
repeated over and over. To become Christian is to take a lurching step downward
on the identity pyramid, most testimonials convey. The speakers report all this
as part of their report on how difficult it was for them to become Christian
Jews. Their friends and family pressured them not to do so.
Much could be said about all of the
above. Obviously, a series of testimonials posted on YouTube are not
representational ethnography. But rather than linger on the many questions my summaries might raise, I want to talk, in this blog post, about one
feature of the testimonials.
Quite a few of the speakers insist that
Christians, typically "Catholics," bullied the Jew publicly and
called the Jew "Christ killer." The first time I heard this I felt
very sad, and I wanted personally to apologize to the victim.
The umpteenth time I heard this, my
reaction was "Wait a minute."
The speaker was from the New York City
area, as am I. The speaker was about my age. And he insisted that Catholic school
children habitually tormented him by calling him "Christ killer." He
didn't say, "This particular boy, who happened to be Catholic, a boy named
Joe Schmoe, on September 20, 1975, punched me in the head on the subway and
called me a Christ killer." No. Rather, he said, "The Catholic kids
would [would indicating habitual action] call me Christ killer."
I'm the person this man is talking
about. I grew up near him, at the same time that he grew up. I grew up in a
largely, but not exclusively, Christian town. I attended Catholic school. My teachers
were pre-Vatican II Catholic nuns with giant, hemispheric headdresses as
awesome as satellite dishes.
A Jewish family lived two doors down
from us, and my mother often worked for Jews, in one case, for the same Jewish
man for years. My mother's Jewish friends visited the house and sat at the
kitchen table with us. I dated Jewish boys.
I never heard the phrase "Christ killer,"
nor the word "deicide," till I began studying Christian-Jewish
relations when I was in my late twenties. I didn't hear it from Catholics; I
heard it from Jews. They had to explain it to me, and I found it quite fantastic.
If "Catholic kids" habitually called Jews "Christ killer"
as part of habitual street bullying, how come this all transpired without my
having any inkling about it?
Am I saying that I have come to doubt
the accuracy of these videos? I regret to say that I am. And if my suspicion is
correct, that there is some lack of accuracy here, the question is, why? Why would
something that might not be scrupulously true be repeated so frequently in such
slickly produced videos?
One day I watched a video featuring, not
Jews telling their personal story of how they became Jewish Christians, but featuring,
rather, the Jewish Christian theologians behind the videos. They said, and I am
not making this up, that the persecution of Jews was carried out primarily by
Catholics, and that Catholics had fallen away from Jesus and copied "the world," and that when the Reformation came in, Christians returned to being
real Christians and things got better.
Martin Luther, one of the Reformation's
superstars, famously wrote some less-than-Christian things about Jews. Christianity
Today quotes Luther:
"Set
fire to their synagogues or schools," Martin Luther recommended in On the
Jews and Their Lies. Jewish houses should "be razed and destroyed,"
and Jewish "prayer books and Talmudic writings, in which such idolatry,
lies, cursing, and blasphemy are taught, [should] be taken from them." In
addition, "their rabbis [should] be forbidden to teach on pain of loss of
life and limb." Still, this wasn't enough.
Luther
also urged that "safe-conduct on the highways be abolished completely for
the Jews," and that "all cash and treasure of silver and gold be
taken from them." What Jews could do was to have "a flail, an ax, a
hoe, a spade" put into their hands so "young, strong Jews and
Jewesses" could "earn their bread in the sweat of their brow."
True, Luther wrote equally nasty things
about Catholics and about peasants who rebelled against their betters. The
internet provides a handy way for people alive today to be insulted by Martin
Luther's intemperate words (see here).
And the idea that Luther's writings inspired the Nazis, who were anti-Christian
and lived four hundred years after Luther, is questionable. Julius Streicher,
famed Nazi propagandist, did not know about "The Jews and their Lies"
till he was 52. But it may make some sense for some Christian Jews to cast
Catholics as the bad guys. It might make sense to choose Protestants as the
more desirable brand of Christian. Children abused by both parents still often manage
to decide that mommy was not as bad as daddy, or vice versa, for their own
mental equilibrium.
A further question. If my suspicions are
correct, and if the testifiers' reported memories of being constantly bullied
by Catholic school kids who go around calling Jews "Christ killer"
are not as accurate as they might be, why do the videos repeat this charge?
I was a working class kid in New Jersey
in the 1970s, the heyday of the ethnic joke. There were no social sanctions against
ethnic humor that had any impact on our lives. We told the lowest, most
disgusting ethnic jokes in Catholic school classrooms, in front of our elders,
and to the very targets of the joke. We told ethnic jokes about ourselves. I
told Polak jokes.
These jokes relied on the following understandings:
Poles are stupid, big, dirty, and work
menial jobs. The women are ugly and mannish.
Italians are greasy, criminal, dirty,
and speak a comic pidgin English.
Blacks are lazy, dirty, and sexually
undisciplined.
Jews are smart and are somehow connected
with money.
Note that last. Nothing about Christ
killing. All about Jews' intelligence and their relationships with money. These
stereotypes are rooted not in theology, but in Jews' middleman minority status,
a status they occupied in Europe for centuries.
Back in 2000, I conducted a series of
interviews with Jews from throughout the US and Canada. I asked them about
stereotypes of Jews and non-Jews. Not many said they were ever called "Christ
killer." Rather, the harassment they encountered was more frequently
associated with middleman minority images. Jews were associated, they reported,
with intelligence and money. School kids might throw pennies on the floor and
tease a Jewish student about picking those pennies up. Also, harassment manifested
in Nazi themes. Someone spray painted a swastika on the side of the family's
garage, for example.
When I mention, in public fora, that
stereotypes of, and harassment of Jews are more often associated with middleman
minority status than with theology, I encounter strong and often insulting resistance.
The middleman minority model, some Jews insist, "blames the victim."
This is false. There is nothing of victim-blaming about the middleman minority
model, a model developed by Edna Bonacich, the daughter of a rabbi.
It is significant that many, Jews and
non-Jews, and certainly many Christians, insist that all prejudice against Jews
is rooted in Christian theology. I think the "blame Christian
theology" approach is rooted in political and sociological concerns rather
than in a dispassionate search for the truth.
Yes, there is no doubt that many Christians,
including Catholics, believed in and disseminated the deicide charge. Yes, Jews
have been murdered in pogroms and harassed in schools with the deicide charge. Yes,
it is entirely possible that badly brought up children teased and harmed Jewish
children with the deicide accusation.
No, having grown up at the same time as
the above-quoted Christian Jew, in the same metro area where he grew up, I
cannot believe that "The Catholic kids" habitually bullied him with
this accusation. If I could sit down and talk with this man, I'd try to take a
full ethnography. Who was the accuser? What kind of home did this accuser come
from? How often did this happen? Under what circumstances?
Again, one testimony included mention
that the testifier's mother said that Jesus deserved to be killed. The Talmud
says the same thing, here.
But it would be unethical for anyone to say that "The Jews say that Jesus
deserved to be killed." I've never heard a Jewish person say that. I can't
imagine any prominent rabbi or Jewish thinker today saying it. If you want,
fully, to understand what the above-quoted woman said, you'd have to do an
ethnography, to find out how representational her words are, where she got this
idea, and if her ideas have any impact on anyone else.
Have Jews called me a stupid Polak? Yes,
yes some Jews have. I can give names, and approximate dates, and times. But I
would *never* tell of these anecdotes this way: "And the Jews would call
me a stupid Polak." I would not do that because I have no interest in
smearing an entire group of people – "The Jews" as opposed to one
Jew, a Chicagoan, for example, named Neil, who bullied me at a dinner party in
1987 in the Berkeley Hills. And smearing an entire group of people is exactly
what is happening in these Christian Jewish testimonials that allege that
"the Catholic kids" "would" habitually call Jews
"Christ killer."
And, no, it is not inappropriate to
question the accuracy of statements made by members of one religious group
about members of another religious group. For example, Protestants and Jews
both often repeat the falsehood that the Catholic Church officially taught that
"The Jews killed Jesus" and that this teaching was not revoked till
Vatican II in 1965, twenty years after the Holocaust.
Again, yes, some Catholics in some places
at some times under certain conditions certainly said that "The Jews
killed Jesus." But to state that this was the Catholic Church's official position
is simply factually false. For example, the Council of Trent condemned the
deicide charge four hundred years prior to Vatican II. Official Catholic condemnation
of anti-Semitism goes back over a millennium before that. See here.
Don't believe me? Believe, then, the New
York Times.
"Christ's
Passion on the cross was in atonement for the sins of all mankind and it was
iniquitous and unjust to accuse the Jews, then or now of any special responsibility.
This view has been part of the official church position since the Council of
Trent in the 16th century."
And of course Wikipedia here.
I know nothing I've written here will
satisfy anyone, and will merely provide more fuel for more argue argue argue.
Someone will say, "You can't use the phrase "Christian
Jews"! There is no such thing!"
Yes I can and yes there is.
And that so many Jews have such a
problem with "Jewish Christian" but are perfectly okay with
"Jewish Atheist" or "Jewish Buddhist" or "Jewish
Communist" says a lot about their attitudes towards Christianity, I think.
Maybe I'm wrong. Convince me in the comments section.
Someone will say, "You denied that
Christians ever said 'Christ killer' or ever persecuted Jews!"
To that person I reply, "I quite explicitly
did not do that, you s--- stirring troll."
Someone will say, "Oh yeah? Well I'm Jewish and I was called Christ Killer by such and such a Catholic!"
And to that person I say, "Yeah. I have been called a dumb Polak by numerous Jews. And my religion is regularly and erroneously slandered as being co-terminus with Nazism. Is that a statement about all Jews? Or is it a statement about the speaker? We need real study, real ethnography, to work this out. Anecdotes are not conclusive of anything, as you would certainly say if someone compared you to say Jakub Berman."
I know I've mentioned quite a few
different heavy historical topics here, but let me say again. I was a Baby
Boomer Catholic school girl in the area around NYC and I never, ever, heard any
Catholic or Protestant or indeed anyone raise the concept of deicide. And to
insist that some large number of Catholics habitually did this does not reflect
any population I've been in touch with in my life. Not saying it didn't happen;
saying, "The Catholics would … " is inaccurate and requires explanatory
footnotes fully to be understood.