An Unforgettable Polish Jew, Jurek Leder, Continued.

 

Andzrej Stankiewicz provides this caption:
Józio, son of Artur, Jurek, son of Stach, my aunt Irena, Janek, younger brother of Jurek, and Seweryn Jan, my father.

You know, it's funny. When I was working on my book, "Bieganski, the Brute Polak Stereotype," I spent hours a day, for years, reading about one atrocity after another, and also interacting face-to-face with survivors of atrocity and their descendants. I rarely cried, and I often felt nothing. The index cards in my brain were recording pertinent material, shuffling it into place. I was *working,* doing my part to get the truth out. Emotions were a luxury I could not afford.
 
I never did get the tenure-track job that would allow me to put all this knowledge to use, and I now spend many fewer hours reading, writing, and thinking about Polish-Jewish relations.
 

I received an email on October 13, 2021, the day after my birthday, that prompted me to spend today, a beautiful autumn Sunday in November, reading, again, about Polish-Jewish relations.

 

It's as if all the uncried tears are pouring out now. I need to keep wiping my face so that I can see this computer screen.

 

Researching Polish-Jewish relations taught me many things. Inter alia, it taught me this: no matter how dark the world has gotten, in the midst of that darkness, there have been refulgent lights. Those lights often have disguised themselves, by necessity. Those lights have often been ignored, because the world would rather focus on cheap spectacles. Just because we do not see these lights does not mean that they are not there. Thus, despair is self-indulgent and a sin. As John wrote, "The light shines in the darkness and the darkness has not overcome it."

 

***

 

Back in December, 2015, I wrote the following on this blog:

 

"Between fifteen and twenty years ago I was doing a massive amount of reading that would inform the book Bieganski. I read Polish history, Jewish history … I read about the Holocaust and I read about other atrocities including the Rwandan and Cambodian genocides. I read memoirs, scholarly and newspaper articles and internet postings by average Joes … I was swimming in an ocean of words so vast that I could not see dry land.

 

In all that verbiage, I have forgotten plenty of things. Sometimes I stumble across a book, think, 'I should read this book,' and realize that I'd read it, reviewed it, and quoted it …

 

And then there is a fraction of the material I read. This fraction consists of material that I not only remember, but that I can almost quote verbatim …

 

One such unforgettable passage concerned a young Polish Jew named Jurek Leder. We know about Jurek Leder thanks to Mary Berg's Warsaw Ghetto diary. Below is the passage that mentions Leder.

 

'Jurek Leder, my close friend, who now works for the Jewish police, is also a passionate Polish patriot. "If only I could get out and join the partisans!" He says. "At least I could fight for Poland then. I love my country and even if a hundred anti-Semites try to convince me that I am not a Pole I'll prove it with my fists if not my words." Leder's father is a captain in the Polish army and is presently interned in Russia.'"

 

And that's all I knew about Jurek Leder. Just those words that Mary Berg quotes, above. I didn't know what he looked like, or how old he was, or anything. But those words turned Jurek Leder, to me, into a breathing, animate, flesh-and-blood human being, stepping out from the ranks of black-and-white, nameless victims, shuffling through my brain on their endless march to oblivion.

 

There's much more in that initial post about Mary Berg; please see that blog post here.

 

Five years later, I had reason to post about Jurek Leder again in July, 2020. Andrzej Stankiewicz had sent me an email seven months before. Mr. Stankiewicz had happened upon my blog post about Jurek Leder and he wrote to inform me that he is related to Jurek Leder! He shared with me a photo of Jurek Leder that I posted on the blog, here. Mr. Stankiewicz provided me with many interesting details about his family, about those who perished in the Holocaust, and those who survived. He also informed me that Jurek Leder was a recipient of the Virtuti Militari "for heroism and courage in the face of the enemy at war." Mr. Stankiewicz could not tell me much more because he didn't know much more. War swallows up so many biographical details. In any case, that blog post is full of the then-available details; please see it here.

 

Now, to October 13, 2021. I received a new email from Andrzej Stankiewiecz with some exciting news. He had found a document that provides many more details about Jurek Leder.

 

"I want to let you know that thanks to Prof. Engelking from the Polish Center for Holocaust Research an important document surfaced concerning Jurek and his family. This is a 1996 publication based on the memoirs of Mrs. Zofia Debicka, a 'Righteous among Nations', who was hiding Jewish families in Warsaw and among them Jurek Leder, his mother Berta and his younger brother Janek."

 

This emergence of a fuller picture of Jurek Leder through the chaos of war and the mists of time and forgetting is very moving to me. Maybe this is why I am moved to tears. I had thought this human life, like so many other human lives, erased. Jurek Leder moved me with just the few phrases Mary Berg recorded about him in her sadly neglected Warsaw Ghetto diary. I knew he was a special person, but I could not know how or why. Thanks to the new document Mr. Stankiewicz sent to me, I would soon have a fuller picture.

 

I can read Polish fairly well but it requires patience and concentration and I didn't want to wait till I had some hours to devote to the task, so I impatiently forwarded the document to Lukasz Klimek, a great friend of this blog. I asked only for a summary but Lukasz kindly provided me with a word by word translation into English.

 

Reading this document opened a window to the past and allowed me to gain a fuller picture of the man whose plight and whose patriotism touched me so deeply. The account is very worth reading and I will be happy to email the Polish-language PDF to anyone who requests it. The account offers personal glimpses into Jurek Leder from someone who knew him.

 

Jurek was, the document states, a 19-year-old graphic designer. He made signs at railway stations, such as: "Exit," "To the buffet," and "For men." He had the right to wear a railroad cap, which gave him a certain sense of security. He was "brave, valiant, resourceful, saved many people from death already in the ghetto with his courage, bravado and resourcefulness. Jurek simply fulfilled himself in the face of danger."

 

Mrs. Zofia Debicka describes Jurek helping to find safe housing for a Jewish toddler whose parents died in the Holocaust. Jurek contributed so much to the care for this toddler that a ring procured to sell for provisions for the baby turned out not to be needed. The toddler's rescuers, who included an Englishman and Mrs. Debicka, put the ring into storage for the child's future.

 

Jurek's mother was a timid soul, terrified of discovery. Mrs. Debicka describes Jurek's mother deciding

 

"that the safest thing for her boys would be to hide in some provincial corner, and she moved out from Warsaw. Jurek could not bear the atmosphere of permanently closed shutters, sneaking out of the house after dark, and he returned to Warsaw. He quickly came to an understanding with my 'English son' [an English officer living in Poland and helping Mrs. Debicka] and joined the sabotage unit. By disarming the Germans (with his bare hands) several times and thus supplying the unit with weapons, and by organizing an action in an extraordinary way, he soon became the brain of the unit and the head of the liquidation cell.

 

When Jurek's mother found out about Jurek joining the organization, she was devastated. While sobbing she said to him that he is willingly taking on additional risks. But when we were left alone, she said: 'You know, maybe it was a good thing with this organization - Jurek will die, because he will die for sure, but in battle, not a humiliating death.'

 

And so it happened. Jurek was killed in the fall of 1943 on Plac Zbawiciela [Savior Square] in an action against one of the executioners of the ghetto. His corpse, abandoned in the street, was taken by the blue police. At night, the boys from his unit stole the body and buried it in the cemetery in Bródno. After the war, with difficulty, together with his father, who came with the Polish People's Army, we found a small grave near the cemetery wall. We put up a sign with the real name "Jerzy Leder. Hero".

 

I can only hope that anyone reading this blog might be tearing up right now just as I am. Jurek, thank you for letting us get to know a bit more about you. Through you, may we be reminded that victims of atrocity are all people, just like us, unique, with names, families, loves, life stories. And some of them, like you, are heroes.

Gil Ofairm Anti-Semitism Controversy in Leipzig

 A German musician named Gil Ofarim is at the center of a controversy. Here's how Wikipedia sums up the allegations: 

In October 2021, he attracted international interest and sympathy. In a video,[10] posted on Instagram and titled “Antisemitismus in Deutschland 2021”, he spoke about experiencing pain and embarrassment from antisemitic treatment while checking in at the Leipzig Westin hotel. Ofarim said that he was told to put away his Star of David pendant by a manager, otherwise they would not check him in.[11] [12] [13] His Instagram video was shared widely, also by the American Jewish Congress, which then started an online petition calling the hotel owner, Marriott, to apologize and educate its employees about antisemitism.[14] On October 5th, about 600 people congregated in front of the hotel to protest antisemitism.[15]
Later, the statements by Ofarim have been contradicted by a hotel employee, and according to closed-circuit television recordings, Ofarim did not wear any neck chain during the time in question. Confronted with the footage, Ofarim then explained that the exclamation came from behind, and that it was not about the star or the chain, but “about something far bigger.”

I have no idea what transpired here, and I'd never heard of Gil Ofarim until a blog reader informed me of the story.  

Final Account 2020 Luke Holland Documentary Film Review

 

"Final Account" is a 2020 documentary by Luke Holland. The film consists of interviews with Germans who were Nazis in their youth and participated in World War II in various functions. Holland found out when he was 14 that his mother was a Jewish escapee from Austria just before the Nazi occupation. Holland's maternal grandparents died in the Holocaust. He began work on the film in 2008, 63 years after the end of the war, so his informants were very young when they began their Nazi careers. One recalled being a nine-year-old and standing arm in arm with other Nazis preventing shoppers from entering a Jewish-owned store. In the interviews, the informants are in their eighties and nineties. Holland interviewed over 300 former Nazis and obviously only a tiny fraction of those interviews appear in the 90 minute documentary. Holland received a terminal cancer diagnosis in 2015, and he died at 71 of cancer after the film was finished.

 

Obviously many previous films also feature interviews with former Nazis, survivors, and witnesses, including "Shoah," "Shtetl," "Hiding and Seeking," etc. What sets Holland's film apart? I recommend this film because it is very watchable. It is brief and rapid. The interviews are so substantial that watching it twice I still felt I wanted more. I really wanted to know more about all the informants. For someone who doesn't want to invest nine and a half hours in watching "Shoah," perhaps they will watch "Final Account." Of course "Shoah," widely hailed as a masterpiece, offers the viewer much more than a brief film like "Final Account" can offer, but the simple fact is that the number of viewers willing to watch all of "Shoah" is much smaller than the number of people willing to watch a 90 minute film, and the more people know about Nazism and the Holocaust, the better.

 

"Final Account" focuses exclusively on Germans and Austrians. Unlike "Shoah," it is not interested in transferring Holocaust guilt to Poland or anyone else. The Germans in "Final Account" are nice people. I mean that; I'm not being ironic. I'd want these folks as neighbors. They are grandmotherly and grandfatherly, polite and charming. Even the interviewees who say things like "I don't blame Hitler" and "I don't believe that six million Jews were killed" and "The SS had nothing to do with atrocities" come across, not as monsters, but as conventionally decent people. I would lend money to these people and not worry about their paying it back. I would allow them to babysit my child, for a brief period. I would assume that if I lived next door to them, I'd never have to call the police on them. Even though I am Polish Catholic and that very SS to which some of them belonged, that never participated in atrocities, included the Einsatzgruppen who committed mass murders of Polish Catholics.

 

From Wikipedia:

 

The Einsatzgruppen's mission was to kill members of the Polish leadership most clearly identified with Polish national identity: the intelligentsia, members of the clergy, teachers, and members of the nobility. As stated by Hitler: "... there must be no Polish leaders; where Polish leaders exist they must be killed, however harsh that sounds". SS-Brigadeführer Lothar Beutel, commander of Einsatzgruppen IV, later testified that Heydrich gave the order for these killings at a series of meetings in mid-August. The Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen — lists of people to be killed — had been drawn up by the SS as early as May 1939, using dossiers collected by the SD from 1936 forward. The Einsatzgruppen performed these murders with the support of the Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz, a paramilitary group consisting of ethnic Germans living in Poland. Members of the SS, the Wehrmacht, and the Ordnungspolizei also shot civilians during the Polish campaign. Approximately 65,000 civilians were killed by the end of 1939.

 

I would feel comfortable interacting in a neighborly way with these charming, elderly Germans, even though I cried in shock and disbelief while watching their interviews, because these people did not decide on their own to commit mass murder. They were decent people swept up in a movement directed by virtual demons, exceptionally sick and evil people like Hitler, Himmler, and Goebbels.

 

And of course I thought about today. I thought of nice, decent, average people who don't resist evil as actively as they might. And I thought about people like myself, people who are always a thorn in somebody's side, people who don't go along and don't get along, people who ask awkward questions and say shocking things. Humanity needs both kinds of people, the "go along to get along" type and the "thorn in the side" type.

 

"Final Account" is too brief to present a detailed retelling of the historical perfect storm that paved the way for Nazism: WW I, Germany's defeat, the Versailles Treaty, the Depression, the Weimar Republic, the scientific racism that was accepted by scientists all over the world, etc. But Holland does show archival film of children participating in Hitler Youth and other Nazi events. He wants his audience to understand what appealed to these young people. "We loved the uniforms, the camaraderie, the athletic games," they testify.

 

In one scene, very thin German children are shown eating at what might have been a Hitler Youth picnic. Otto, whose parents were part of this generation, also saw the film. He told me that when he was watching that scene, he thought of how hungry his father was, and how the Nazi's providing food to children was part of their appeal.

 

No, I'm not saying that being hungry is an excuse for committing Nazi crimes, even so relatively minor a crime as blocking shoppers' entrance to a Jewish-owned store. But Nazism didn't just require vicious, cold-blooded killers. It also required, as one of the informants was, bookkeepers, and men deeply committed to their own honor.

 

From USA Today:

 

Stephen Smith, executive director of the USC Shoah Foundation, was in touch with Holland since the project's origin … "Seeing them as human beings really makes the movie's point that there were no monsters. They were human beings that did monstrous things and were living with the consequences," says Smith. "The final account is Luke holding them to account to some degree and shows us the fragility of human nature, how easily we're beguiled by ideology and by putting on a uniform."

 

The opening scenes of children participating in Nazi activity and being indoctrinated in hating Jews and other "life unworthy of life" reminded me of today. Little children are being brainwashed in American schools right now to believe that some people, only because of their skin color, bear the taint of evil, and other people, again because of skin color or other immutable characteristics, are above judgment. We can't stand up to the evils of the past. Time has marched on. But we can stand up to evils today. When powerful people tell us that some of us are tainted simply because of the color of our skin, and others are above judgment, we can be that thorn-in-the-side of powerful lies.

 

There's a scene in "Final Account" when a man in his eighties who was a Nazi in his youth speaks to young Germans. The documentary claims that they met in the very building where the Wannsee Conference took place. I was very touched that the speaker condemned the destruction of Warsaw. I don't know if I've ever hears similar words before. I've been reading, writing and thinking about Nazism for decades and I don't know if I've ever come across any German expressing regret for what Germans did to Poland. Germans have obviously and repeatedly, on stages big and small, expressed regret for the murder of Jews. Poles, it seems, aren't even a shadow in their nightmares, a footnote in their confessions. It was good to hear a German express regret for the destruction of Warsaw.

 

Below are some screencaps from the movie.

The first screencap is of a German woman saying, "They didn't belong to our ethnic group," in other words, why care about them? Students are being taught such attitudes in American classrooms today. 

"I didn't really care that the synagogue was burning down" on Kristallnacht, another German says. Why should he care? Not my ethnic group. 

"I was just a bookkeeper!" at a concentration camp. 

"We discovered them and reported it." This informant was the most disturbing to me. He reported escaped Jews hiding in farm outbuildings. His face was a storm of sadness, guilt, and indifference. I think he had a very uncomfortable time when he met his maker. 

"The SS had nothing to do with it. I had no regrets." Sure, buddy. 

The next informant, a man with multiple religious statues behind him, including one of Padre Pio, acknowledged that the SS committed atrocities, atrocities he witnessed. 

"It was cruel, but I did not care who burned." I think this was the informant who had a Jewish grandmother. He adopted Nazism enthusiastically, nonetheless. 

The next series of photos is of the former Nazi confronting a young German who said shocking things to him. A confrontation. 

"I would dirty myself if I admit to that." This same informant said he blame Hitler for nothing. Not even the Nero Decree, I guess. Denial. 

The man with the white hair and stunning blue eyes said that Germans said three things after the war. "I didn't know, I didn't participate, and if I had known I would have acted differently." He ended the interview. 

"The idea was correct," this man said. Hitler should have simply deported the Jews, but not killed them. Mind, there were only about half a million Jews in Germany, a country of, I think, 80 million, and they were mostly assimilated 

The final three photos are of a visit to a home for the elderly in Ebensee, Austria, near a concentration camp. At first, an informant says "we knew nothing." As the interview progresses, it becomes clear that they did know, and at least one woman participated, by hiding her SS boyfriend for months after the war. 

"Drunkards Lying on the Floor: Jewish Contempt for Non-Jewish Lower Classes" by Gil Ribak

 

Source This is the illustration Wikipedia uses for its page on "contempt." 

My parents were peasant immigrants. My dad mined coal as a child and, as an adult, carried rich men's bags at a country club. My mom cleaned houses. Neither had much formal schooling. They were readers and the house was always full of books, often secondhand and purchased at the Salvation Army, or by mail order. There was no library, and there was no, and there still is no, bookstore in my hometown or for many miles. As a teenager, I entered a bookstore on a trip to Slovakia before I ever entered a bookstore in the United States.
 
My parents and siblings were all readers and there were bookshelves  in every room in the house, in hallways, and even in the smallest room.

 

We also subscribed to Time, Life, National Geographic, Smithsonian, Reader's Digest, Yankee, and other magazines. To this day, decades later, there are still so many sentences from so many magazine articles stuffed into drawers inside my head.

 

One such sentence, I think, came from an article in Life, an article published, probably, during the 1960s, when race was a media obsession. The article mentioned mixed marriages. A spouse said that there was always this feeling that if things went south in the relationship, if there was a disagreement or if someone felt disappointed in the other, the one spouse would call the other by the n-word, or the c-word, or some other derogatory word that black people use for white people, or that white people use for black people. In other words, no matter how much someone from the other group loved you, that equipment of othering could spring into action when conditions changed.

 

I have a Jewish friend, "Harry," who is important to me. I like and care about Harry. Harry makes derogatory comments about Polish people and Christians. His derogatory comments follow well-worn stereotypes. His ancestors lived in Poland but he despises being told he is Polish. Polish people are dirty, stupid, violent, anti-Semites. I tell Harry that given that his family lived in Poland for so long, surely he has some Polish genes. Only if my ancestors were raped, he replies. Lots of Jews have said this to me. They assume that people like me, Polish Catholics, are rapists. They say this to my face, and give no indication that they are aware that they are saying something ugly. I often think, what would happen if I replied, "So, you throw a stereotype of my people as rapists at me. How would you feel if I asked you if your ancestors were moneylenders who cheated and impoverished my peasant ancestors?" I have yet to say that. I don't think they'd have any idea what point I was trying to make.

 

Harry says that Christians are responsible for anti-Semitism, "the world's oldest hatred," that has existed "for 2,000 years." "2,000 years" is a canard, and it would be a very good thing if no Jew ever said that ever again. Anti-Semitism existed before Christians. Some try to get around this history by insisting that, sure, people hated, enslaved, exiled, and massacred Jews before Christians, but Christians innovated some new brand of hate, some newly thorough massacre. That's just a convenient way to hate Christians in a way that they don't hate Assyrians or Egyptians or Persians or Romans or anyone else who massacred, enslaved, or committed genocides against Jews in the past. 

The Pagan Assyrians wiped ten tribes of Jews off the face of the earth. But Christians are worse. Haman, a Zoroastrian, wanted to kill every Jew in Persia. Christians are somehow worse. The Pagan Romans destroyed the temple in Jerusalem, crucified thousands of Jews, and even eliminated the very name of Judea, changing it to "Palestine," in an act of cultural genocide. But Christians are somehow worse.
 
Mohammed exiled Jews from the Arabian peninsula, committed a genocide of a Jewish tribe, said that the end of the world would not come till "the Muslims fight the Jews, and the Jews will hide behind the rocks and the trees, but the rocks and the trees will say: Oh Muslim, there is a Jew behind me, come and kill him," and Muslim rulers were the first to order Jews to wear identifying badges on their clothing. "Muslim rulers in the 8th century were the first to introduce the badge to identify Jews and … Under Caliph Haroun al-Rashid (807), Jews in Baghdad had to wear yellow belts or fringes. Under Caliph al-Mutawakkil, (847-61) Jews wore a patch in the shape of a donkey, while Christians wore a figure in the shape of swine. In 1005, Jews in Egypt were ordered to wear bells on their clothes." But Christians are always worse.  

 

Shinto-Buddhist-and-Confucian-influenced Japan supports significant anti-Semitism. "According to an ADL telephone survey of 500 people, 23% +/- 4.4% of the adult population in Japan harbor antisemitic attitudes. Furthermore, the study reveals that 46% of the population agree with the statement "Jews think they are better than other people," and that almost half of the respondents (49%) think that "Jews are more loyal to Israel than to Japan." But Christianity is always, always, worse. 

 

Historical facts do not support the "2,000 years" accusation. Christians were in no position to persecute anyone the first few hundred years of Christianity, and Christians didn't become the majority in Europe till centuries after Constantine accepted Christianity in the fourth century AD. Pagans murdered Adalbert, a Christian missionary, in what is now the Catholic country of Poland, as late as 997. In 614, Jews participated with Persians in massacring Christians at the Mamilla Reservoir in Jerusalem. Too, Jews in Christian-majority Europe often prospered and accomplished great things. Jewish arendators exercised the power of life and death over Polish Catholic serfs. The "2,000 years" canard invokes a monolithic and omnipotent Christian edifice that practiced unchanging anti-Semitism for 2,000 years. Historical facts say otherwise.

 

Yes, at times and in places Christians have persecuted Jews. Christians acknowledge those persecutions and have done everything we can to address them. In fact, Christians alive at the time addressed them. During the Rhineland Massacres, a heinous, shameful series of massacres of Jews by Christian Crusaders, Catholic churchmen and nobility condemned the massacres and threatened to excommunicate and punish anyone harming Jews. Bishop Ruthard tried hiding Jews in his palace. These attempts by contemporary Christians to protect Jews did little or nothing to lower the monstrous death tolls. But these attempts should not be ignored.

 

The Crusades were prompted by jihad and Muslim persecution of Christians. Christians, too, were being massacred, impoverished, and enslaved, by Muslims. And Crusaders didn't just target Jews. They also targeted my ancestors. There was a Slavic Crusade, one that gets very little press. But yes, Christian Germans made war on Pagan Slavs in order to gain their territory and their resources. Attributing atrocities committed by Crusaders to Christian doctrine is an error. Crusaders, like humans of any identity, were very good at killing for economic reasons.

 

So, no, Christians were not a monolithic and universally and eternally anti-Semitic, totalitarian power as the "2,000 years" canard implies. But Harry has that notion firmly entrenched in his head, and he deploys it regularly, and I am left to stand around being the dirtbag Christian.

 

I met "Sarah" recently via Facebook. Sarah is wise, intelligent, honest, and creative, and I like all of those qualities. One of Sarah's Facebook friends made the "2,000 years of Christian hatred" comment. I disagreed with her, and cited Pagan Assyrian, Egyptian, and Roman massacres of Jews that preceded the arrival of Christianity, and Christians' inability to persecute anyone for a good part of Christian history. Sarah's friend called me an anti-Semite. Mind: Sarah's friend did not adduce any facts. She just cut right to the accusation. Sarah said nothing in my defense. She is Jewish, and I assume she values my friendship; she does say nice things to me about how our interaction has worked well for her. At this key moment, though, silence. I was disappointed in Sarah. It was a familiar disappointment. I did not unfriend Sarah. One gets used to events like this.

 

In addition to the idea that Christians are all participating equally actively in something called "2,000 years of hatred," but not, somehow, in 2,000 years of Western Civilization that has been challenging and uplifting for all of our ancestors and for us as well, I, as a Polish Catholic, am also occasionally reminded by Harry that I am stupid and dirty. He tells jokes whose punchlines rely on "goys" being stupider than Jews.

 

My first years of grad school at UC Berkeley, a fellow grad student, a Jew, told me that I could not possibly be Polish Catholic "because you read." My ancestors must have been Jews. Rabbi Laurie, whom I loved dearly and who was my friend for almost twenty years before he died in 2006, said the same thing. He believed my ancestors were probably secretly Jewish. Because I read. Both Jewish men's implication, of course, is that Polish Catholics are too stupid and primitive to read. If they didn't believe that in some part of their minds, they would never have said those things to me.

 

I adored Morton, a veterinarian and Facebook friend who made positive contributions to my life. We were a mutual admiration society. In April, 2019, news broke that in Pruchnik, a small and isolated village in Poland, villagers engaged in a custom of "beating the Jew," that is, a straw-filled effigy meant to represent Judas. Commentators in mainstream and on social media insisted that Pruchnik had proven that all Poles were "Nazi scum." This blog post contains quotes that appeared at that time. (I also blogged about the event here and here.)

 

Here are some of the comments.

 

"Roman Catholicism is the Satanic strategy against the Jewish people."

 

"The sages tell us that Poland is doomed. They will never amount to much due to their perpetual antisemitism."

 

"Hitler used Christianity to support his extermination of the Jews."

 

"I shed no tear over Notre Dame. [The cathedral of Notre Dame had recently been damaged by fire.] But Poland and the Catholic Church there are notorious for their anti-semitisn. The Crusades, Inquisition, and The Holocaust were Catholic led and inspired."

 

"The Poles are still filthy Nazi scum. Never forget. Never forgive."

 

I copied these quotes from social media and comments under mainstream media. I copied some of those comments from the Facebook page of my very good friend Morton. Morton did not say those things, but his friends did. I protested. Morton sided with his Jewish friends.

 

Morton and I began to talk via private messenger. I tried to make him see how his allowing his friends to vilify all Poles and all Christians on the basis of one event in an isolated village, an event that many prominent Poles denounced, was a roadblock for me. "Is this what you think of me?" Morton said I was being "hysterical." Our Facebook friendship ended. I kept hoping that he'd apologize and reconcile with me. I hoped that he'd stand up to his friends posting ugly things about Poles and Catholics. Morton was elderly and chronically ill. Before our estrangement, I used to send him Maryknoll mass cards. I had no idea how else to address the suffering he was going through, at such a great distance from me. He had said he liked the cards. Morton passed away six months later, without our ever reconciling in this life. I think even when we meet again in Heaven he might defend his actions. I guess we'll see.

 

I have tried to say to Jewish friends one-on-one and in small groups the following. Yes, non-Jews, including Christians, have done terrible things to Jews. But there are also stereotypical hatreds among Jewish people. Those hatreds, no less than Christian anti-Semitism, need to be examined and rejected. When I say that, I do not hear much agreement.

 

***

 

In Spring, 2020, AJS Perspective, The Magazine of the Association for Jewish Studies, published "The Hate Issue." It contains a couple dozen articles, over 88 pages. You can read the entire thing here.

 

The second article dispirited me. It is titled "When the KKK Exegetes: Circulating Hate with 2 Peter." 2 Peter, pronounced "Second Peter," is a New Testament book. It is a very short letter written to fellow Christians. Scholars agree that the author was not in fact Peter, Jesus' apostle, but an anonymous Jewish Christian, that is, an ethnic Jew who converted to belief that Jesus was the Messiah. The letter is one of the last New Testament books written. It dates from the early second century, perhaps a hundred years after Jesus was crucified. The purpose of the book is to encourage Christians not to despair that Jesus hadn't returned yet. There was some false teachers encouraging despair. 2 Peter's goal is to buck up Christians.

 

Dong Hyeon Jeong, the scholar who wrote the article, writes that "2 Peter teems with animalizing hateful rhetoric." I was astounded by this allegation. I've read 2 Peter and I don't find it hateful at all. 2 Peter refers to a "proverb" that compares false teachers to dogs who return to their vomit. Jeong says that this verse proves how hateful this New Testament book is. In fact, this line is a direct quote from the Old Testament book of Proverbs. It's part of Jewish tradition. In attempting to smear Christian scripture as hateful, Jeong quotes an ethnically Jewish author quoting Jewish scripture.  

 

The article that got my attention is entitled "Drunkards Lying on the Floor: Jewish Contempt for Non-Jewish Lower Classes" by Professor Gil Ribak, who teaches at the University of Arizona's Arizona Center for Judaic Studies. Ribak's homepage says that he is interested in "the varied ways Jews perceived their non-Jewish surroundings, and how those perceptions affected their interactions with non-Jews."

 

Ribak's article reads like one of my note-taking sessions for "Bieganski: The Brute Polak Stereotype." His article contains a series of quotes of Jews saying derogatory things about non-Jews, usually, Polish or other Eastern European peasants. Ribak mentions a Yiddish folksong that came up repeatedly from my Jewish informants when I collected data for "Bieganski." The song is "Shikar iz a goy," or "A Goy is a Drunk." You can listen to a jolly Jewish man singing the folksong to a respectful audience here. You can read the lyrics here. The lyrics are pretty straightforward: "A Goy is drunk; he needs to drink, because he is a Goy …  A Jew is sober; he needs to pray, because he is a Jew."

 

I watched, several times, the above-linked video of a Jewish man singing "A Goy is a Drunk." The video was posted just a few years ago. The event is entirely contemporary. Modern sound equipment is put to use to disseminate contempt. The singer has a magnificent voice. The audience, which includes young children and adult men, reveals no discomfort with the lyrics. The tune is very catchy. After I watched this video, I kept singing the song to myself. I had to listen to another song with a catchy tune to wash "A Goy Is a Drunk" out of my mind.

 

The children carefully listening to, and no doubt learning "A Goy Is a Drunk," both the song and the lesson, will probably never be taught the following. Polish serfs were mistreated. Read Jan Slomka's "From Serfdom to Self-Government" and Booker T. Washington's "The Man Farthest Down." Polish peasants self-medicated with alcohol to escape their miserable lives.

 

Polish nobles calculated that alcohol was more profitable than grain. They deputized Jews to sell alcohol to peasants. Peasants lapped it up. No one in this complex economic system has clean hands. No one comes out well. That Polish peasants drank is of course emphasized in the song. That Jews were the ones selling the alcohol to the peasants is not covered in the song. Read more about Jews as marketers of alcohol to Polish peasants in the Yivo Encyclopedia here.

 

Watching the video of the Jewish man with the awesome voice singing "A Goy is a Drunk" to an audience that includes many children makes me sick. Yes, I have been confronted with this level of hate and contempt in real life, and, yes, it has had an impact on my life and my career. Hate is often not a victimless crime.

 

Yes, I know that anti-Semitism is very powerful and it results in mass death. My dad risked his life as a combat soldier to defeat the Axis powers, fueled by Hitler's insane anti-Semitism. Here's the difference. The bastards who openly express anti-Semitism are, largely, not able to spew their venom in polite society. Law enforcement keeps tabs on them. They are restricted from responsible employment. There are too many people, of a variety of ethnicities – no it is not just Jews who do this – who spread hatred of Poles, and of Christians, and of modern-day peasants, that is poor whites. Those who hate these targets occupy positions of power in government, journalism, religious life, and academia.

 

My friend Morton was a truly great guy. He was a trusted professional with a long career, a veterinarian. And this man among men was perfectly okay with people spewing the most extreme anti-Polish material on his Facebook page. I've met many Mortons. At polite dinner parties, on college campuses, in political gatherings. These aren't just people who teach that, for example, Nazism was a Christian phenomenon. (It wasn't.) These are also folks who habitually make nasty and derogatory comments about Christmas. Nasty comments about Christmas may seem trivial. It's the trivial banalities that reveal cultural patterns.

 

Worthy Christians confront anti-Semitism in their midst. Christians resisting anti-Semitism is not just a modern thing. After the horrific massacres of Jews during the First Crusade, Pope Calixtus II issued "Sicut Judaeis," in 1120 or thereabouts, forbidding Christians from forcing Jews to convert, from harming Jews, from robbing Jews, and from other mistreatment. "Sicut Judaeis" is a phrase from Pope Gregory I, who served as pope between 590 and 604, who also defended Jews. No, neither pope, nor any other pope, was successful in suppressing all anti-Jewish violence. The point is that popes and other Christians made it a point to try to suppress anti-Jewish violence and feeling, and they have done so for hundreds of years. Everyone who uses the phrase "2,000 year hate" is not only slurring Christians with an ahistorical canard; they are also desecrating the memory of those Christians who have worked against hate, sometimes at the cost of their own lives.

 

When we confront anti-Semitism, we recognize that we are confronting a deadly toxin, yet hatred of Christians and Christianity is too often dismissed as no big deal. In fact, "The persecution of Christians in parts of the world is at near 'genocide' levels … Christians were the most persecuted religious group," The BBC reported in 2019.

 

When I do see official Jewish organizations and prominent individuals speak out against expressions of bigotry against non-Jews, those Jewish voices are often speaking out against bigotry against blacks and Muslims. For examples of the former, see the Bieganski chapter on Jewish-African American relations. For examples of the latter, do a quick google search. You'll come across articles like this one, criticizing Jews who criticize Islam. Jews can criticize fellow Jews who make derogatory comments about "schwartzes" or Muslims. Why can't that same rectitude be applied to Jews who resort to negative stereotypes of Christians and Christianity?

 

My encounters with Jews who have had anything positive to say about Christianity have been few and far between. I am very grateful to, and impressed by, Rabbi David G. Dalin who published "The Myth of Hitler's Pope." I posted a positive review of Rabbi Dalin's book here. Yes, I am aware of Jews who work to correct historical falsehoods about Christians and about Poles. And I am immensely grateful to these folks.

 

But while I've encountered Jews who write off Christianity as just a superstitious, anti-Semitic mess, I can't remember encountering any Jews who had anything good to say even about such groundbreaking and exalted passages as The Good Samaritan or the Sermon on the Mount.

 

In addition to some Jews telling me that Christians are violent anti-Semitic rapists, some Jews have also told me that Christians are stupid, crafty liars. These accusations involve Isaiah 53 and the Hebrew word "almah." In both cases Jews, including Harry, my previously mentioned friend, insist that Christians are both stupid and lying in their interpretation of Isaiah 53 and Isaiah 7:14. David Klinghoffer, in his book "Why the Jews Rejected Jesus," addresses these translation questions in his book. In my review of his book, I say that the problem is not that there is more than one way to translate and interpret these passages. Rather, the problem is attributing to Christians a stupid and dishonest essence, and blaming that essence for an interpretation with which Klinghoffer, Harry, and other Jews disagree.

 

To make a long story short, yes, Jews have interpreted Isaiah 53 as a messianic prophecy, and, yes, "virgin" is one reasonable translation of "almah." When Christians state these simple facts, Harry and too many other Jews accuse Christians of being stupid liars. I can only shake my head.

 

So, yeah. My Jewish friends don't have to fear that I am hiding something from them, that, deep down, I assess them as crafty moneylenders or world dominating conspirators. I do not assess them that way. I assess them as human in the same way that I am human. But I have had the experience of discovering that my Jewish friends, in their heart of hearts, regard me, and will always regard me, as the traditional stereotype. I am stupid, irrational, and threatening.

 

I remember the very phone conversation I had with Rabbi Laurie, a man I adored and miss deeply, when he told me that he actively agitates against Jews marrying non-Jews. I was so taken aback, I gasped. I said something about there being bigger issues in the world, like global warming. He said that Jewish survival was more important than global warming. I can understand Rabbi Laurie's logic while at the same time feeling that pit-of-the-stomach shock that he didn't think that people like me should marry people like him. Don't get me wrong; Laurie was a platonic friend, and I did not want to marry him. It was when he said that for a Christian like me to marry a Jew would be worse than global warming that I felt rejected by him as a human being in a way that I'd never felt so rejected before. I must add that Rabbi Laurie was one of the most loving and supportive friends I've ever had, for almost twenty years, up to the heartbreaking moment of his premature death.

 

Back to Professor Ribak's article. I admire Ribak's courage and honesty. He quotes blatantly bigoted material without any attempt to lessen its impact through trivializing it or saying, "Well, you know, the real people at fault here are the Eastern European peasants who were, after all, drunks." Ribak writes that "Countless accounts and folktales by eastern European Jews illustrated peasants as dim-witted people, whose ignorance could only compete with their ruthlessness." Well, yeah. That's Bieganski in a nutshell.

 

He quotes Jews describing Polish and other Eastern European peasants as "drunkards laying around on the dirty floor," while an observing Jew "laughs with such deep contempt that his whole body shook."

 

When I started writing this blog post, I assume it would be short. Prof. Ribak's article triggered me, though, and this all came tumbling out. I'm not even going to attempt any neat conclusion.