Jack
Fairweather's 2019 book The
Volunteer: One Man, an Underground Army, and the Secret Mission to Destroy
Auschwitz sheds light on one of World War II's great unsung heroes:
Witold Pilecki, a leader of the Polish resistance who willingly became an
Auschwitz prisoner, only to be executed by the communist regime. While the book's
potential educational value, especially outside Poland, is immense, it offers a
very limited perspective on its subject.Witold Pilecki
is the only known person to volunteer to be imprisoned at Auschwitz. Wiesław
Kielar, a Polish inmate of the notorious death factory, aptly titled his memoir
of the camp Anus
Mundi, the "anus of the world" in Latin. No one in their
right mind would volunteer to go to such a horrible place; as one of Pilecki's
earliest collaborators told him upon learning of his mission: "You must be
nuts! […] If what you say is true, you're either the greatest hero or the
biggest fool" (Fairweather, p. 88).
Pilecki
volunteered to go to Auschwitz to gain intel about the camp to inform the
Western Allies about atrocities and to create a resistance group there. Why
wasn't I taught about Pilecki in high school history class? you might be
asking. Why hasn't a $100 million Hollywood blockbuster starring Russell Crowe or
Mark Wahlberg been made about Pilecki? The reason is tragically simple: because
Pilecki was a member of the Polish Home Army, a simultaneously anti-Nazi and
anti-Soviet resistance group in occupied Poland, he was executed by the
Stalinist government in 1948.
The communist
regime not only physically annihilated Pilecki: it was largely successful in
writing him out of history books and the national consciousness. For many
years, he was only mentioned in publications by Polish émigré writers, like
Józef Garliński, one of Pilecki's collaborators in Auschwitz, and the author of
Fighting
Auschwitz. It was only around the 2000s that many Poles began to
discover Pilecki, who has since become the protagonist of many Polish books,
films, and museum exhibits, while a growing number of streets and schools
across Poland are named after him, including the Cavalry Captain Witold Pilecki
State University of Małopolska in Oświęcim, the Polish town that during the war
would be forcibly Germanized and renamed Auschwitz.
Poland's
communist regime, in fact, falsely ascribed Pilecki's heroism to the premier
Józef Cyrankiewicz (1947-1952), also a prisoner of Auschwitz who was active in
the Auschwitz resistance but did not play a leadership role. As head of the
communist government, Cyrankiewicz refused to pardon his fellow inmate who had
been sentenced to death. Thus, today we have the bizarre situation in which more
people outside Poland know of German resisters to Nazism like Dietrich
Bonhoeffer than heroes like Witold Pilecki from Poland, the first nation to
resist Hitler.
(To me, the
most perfect example of this absurd fate of many Polish war heroes is that of
Kazimierz Moczarski, a member of the Home Army sentenced to death who shared a
cell with the German war criminal Jürgen Stroop, responsible for the liquidation
of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in which 50,000 Polish Jews were murdered;
following the Khrushchev-era thaw in 1956, Moczarski was released from prison,
and he turned recollections of his death row talks with Stroop into Conversations
with an Executioner, one of the best World War II books I have read.)
Jack
Fairweather is a well-known war reporter for the Washington Post and Daily
Telegraph, and The Volunteer is the first major book on Pilecki published
in English by a mainstream publisher (Custom House, an imprint of
HarperCollins). The very fact that Fairweather endeavored to write this
deserves praise, and I hope that the upcoming Polish-British
film about Pilecki will make him better known, if not a household name.
The
Volunteer is a riveting
read. Apart from a fine overview of Pilecki's wartime heroism, Fairweather presents
an intriguing cast of characters. Most interesting is the case of Dr. Władysław
Dering, a Polish physician interned at Auschwitz. Dering is famous for having
participated in medical experiments on the reproductive organs of Auschwitz
inmates, mostly Jews (although, as Fairweather writes, he also castrated a
German homosexual prisoner). After World War II, Dering immigrated to Britain,
and Poland's communist regime sought his extradition to try him for war crimes.
Because Dering is briefly mentioned in Leon Uris' Exodus, a huge success
with the American reading public (but not with literary critics as well as a
growing number of scholars who deplore Uris' racist depiction of Arabs), the
doctor sued the author for libel and was awarded a half-penny in damages; the Dering
v. Uris trial received extensive press coverage in the 1960s and was the
subject of a made-for-television movie starring Anthony Hopkins (which I haven't
seen but apparently is no Silence of the Lambs, just a historically
inaccurate mess).
Fairweather introduces
a very balanced and novel perspective on Dering, who seems to be neither the
monster Uris made him out to be nor the hero Dering claimed he was in court. We
learn from Fairweather's account that Dering was a major participant in Pilecki's
Auschwitz resistance cell and that he refused to kill inmates by injecting them
with phenol. However, Fairweather cites another physician inmate working in the
medical block who claims the SS let her refrain from participating in
experiments, thus contradicting Dering's court room claims of compulsion.
Furthermore, Fairweather notes that Dering (whose surname was originally
spelled Dehring) had German ancestry and took advantage of that fact to be
released from Auschwitz, which Pilecki's group viewed as treason.
The author's approach
reminds us that while amidst the horrors of the Nazi concentration camp system
there were a handful of heroes like Pilecki, Maximilian Kolbe, or Janusz
Korczak on the one hand and some sadistic guards and kapos on the other, most
inmates, like Dering, were in what Primo Levi famously called the "grey
zone" of morality.
The
Volunteer also presents
the history of Auschwitz completely and accurately. Most of Fairweather's
American and British readers associate Auschwitz-Birkenau with the Holocaust;
given that 90 percent of the camp's victims were Jews, that is only reasonable.
However, to understand Pilecki's mission, the beginnings of the camp must also
be understood. Auschwitz was initially formed in 1940 to terrorize Poles; if
Jewish inmates were imprisoned there before 1942, they ended up there not on
account of their ethnicity but because they were affiliated with the Polish
resistance, belonged to the nation's elites, or were the victims of street
roundups (Pilecki himself used an assumed identity and let himself get caught
in a Warsaw roundup).
Fairweather's
tracing the history of the camp is crucial not only to understanding how Pilecki
ended up in the camp but, more important, how his understanding of the camp's
purpose evolved. Once the first gassings of Jews in Auschwitz began, it took
Pilecki a while to understand that the German's intentions towards the Jews
were more macabre than that of Polish Gentiles: complete annihilation rather
than enslavement and partial extermination. Fairweather cites Pilecki and
General Stefan Grot-Rowecki, the main commander of the Home Army, as thinking
that the first gassings were "just" another pogrom, one of many throughout
European history.
While claiming
that Rowecki was skeptical of Pilecki's pleas for the Polish underground to
attack Auschwitz, Fairweather does not explain why. Antisemitism cannot be a
reason, as 150,000 non-Jewish Poles were at various points interned there. I
would assume Rowecki's hesitance resulted from the Polish resistance's limited
arsenal or fear of repressions, but unfortunately Fairweather does not explore
this issue.
The United
States and Allies were also informed of what was happening to Europe's Jews.
While they had the military capabilities to, for example, attack German cities
in retaliation or bomb the railways leading to Auschwitz or the camp's
crematoria, they refused to do so. Polish and Jewish resistance groups authored
some of the first reports of the Holocaust, and the Polish government-in-exile
in London appealed to London and Washington for action. This fact is well-known
from classic works of history like Walter Laqueur's The
Terrible Secret or David S. Wyman's The
Abandonment of the Jews. Yet Fairweather's book shows the perspective
of one idealist who wanted to inform the world of genocide. Pilecki seems
almost naïve as he smuggles reports on Auschwitz out of the camp through
couriers, thinking that Roosevelt and Churchill would care about the tragic
fate of millions destined to become ash.
While I
recommend The Volunteer to English-speaking readers (I personally
preferred Italian historian Marco Patricelli's biography, also titled The
Volunteer, but it is available only in Italian and Polish), the book has
several major flaws.
First, the book
features surprisingly little context. Fairweather's readers in Anglophone
countries are taught little about the invasion of Poland in September 1939
(and, likely, are taught myths, such as that the Polish cavalry bravely but
stupidly charged at German tanks). Yet the invasion of Poland is the subject of
just one short chapter (less than twenty pages) which deals less with the
military, diplomatic, and humanitarian contexts and more with Pilecki's
experience.
Nonetheless,
the reader learns very little about Pilecki's background. The fact that he had
a wife and two children is occasionally alluded to, while his participation in
the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1919-1921 is also barely mentioned. The
Volunteer almost exclusively focuses on Pilecki's mission in Auschwitz,
with a little bit about his escape from Auschwitz, participation in the 1944
Warsaw Uprising (which resulted in the city's complete destruction and loss of
150,000 to 200,000 mostly civilian lives), and postwar trial.
Most annoyingly,
Fairweather completely omits the fact that Pilecki was a devout Catholic with a
strong devotion to the rosary and attachment to Thomas a Kempis' spiritual
classic The Imitation of Christ (which influenced many other noble
figures, such as the Swedish humanitarian Dag Hammarskjöld – after his death in
an airplane crash, a copy was found in his suitcase). Fairweather begins his
book with a quote from Thomas a Kempis, but never again alludes to the book. In
fact, in 2008 and 2013 groups of Poles sent letters to Popes Benedict XVI and
Francis, respectively, asking them to open a cause for Pilecki's canonization.
At one point,
Fairweather refers to Adam Sapieha as "Poland's archbishop" (p. 102).
No such function exists; Sapieha was archbishop of Krakow. I suppose that one
could explain this by the fact that Fairweather is ignorant about Catholicism
because he is from Britain, a very secular, traditionally Protestant society
where Catholics make up less than a tenth of the population.
Yet although I
may not be an expert on Hinduism, if I were commissioned to write a biography
of Gandhi I would study the religion, as it is crucial to understanding the
Indian leader's approach to non-violence, the sanctity of all life (human and
animal alike), and vegetarianism.
Fairweather
also asserts that Pilecki "likely held a paternal view toward the local
Polish and Belarusian peasants and shared in some of the prevailing
anti-Semitic views" (p. 9). I do not deny that there was plenty of endemic
antisemitism in twentieth-century Poland. However, Fairweather offers no
evidence to support these claims. Such a guilty-by-association approach is
contradicted by the author himself at least twice. First, in the very same endnote
to this risky assertion on page 9 Fairweather writes that although Pilecki did
evict a Jewish tenant from his estate, "[t]here is no evidence to suggest
racial animus behind the incident" (p. 412). Elsewhere, Fairweather quotes
one of Pilecki's reports from after the war in which the latter comments on the
Kielce pogrom in which Poles murdered 38 to 42 Jews (not 37, as Fairweather
writes), calling it "a tragedy" (pp. 377-378).
While such flaws
make The Volunteer a somewhat frustrating read, Jack Fairweather deserves
praise for helping to undo the injustices to the Polish communist regime's egregious
history policy and reminding readers that not even the murderous depravity of
Auschwitz could quench the Polish fighting spirit.
***
You can find more of Filip Mazurczak's articles here and here
