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Gene Sokolowski and Abraham Lincoln.
No better company! . |
In
1987 I had already lived and worked in Africa, Asia, New York City and
Berkeley, California. I had never forgotten my love for my ancestral homelands
of Poland and Czechoslovakia. I had traveled to Eastern Europe for the first
time in the 1970s. I wanted to go back. I signed up for the Kosciuszko
Foundation's summer session in Krakow, Poland.
I did
not know it, but that year, for the first time, the KF devoted a summer session
to Polish-Jewish relations. I had not signed up for that; rather, I had signed
up for the general session on Polish language and culture. We were all in the
same dorm, though, Dom Studencki Piast. We passed on Krakow's cobblestone streets
and alleyways.
Somehow
I was recruited into the Polish-Jewish study group, and I was attending those
lectures and events. Suddenly people were turning to me with vehemence and
asking me for the "Polish point of view" on matters that were utterly
new to me. My mother had Jewish friends who came to the house and I had no idea
of all this tension. In fact I thought of Jews, and indeed black people, as
"Us." Them, to me, was WASPs. My friend Charles' Hungarian parents
were escapees from 1956. Charles called them "white people."
"Don't become one of the white people, Diane," Charles used to say to
me.
As
part of the Polish-Jewish group, I saw much passion, including fistfights and
sobs. I will never forget an elderly Jewish woman from Wilno describing her nostalgia
for an apple tree that once grew outside her childhood window. I will also
never forget the utterly stoic faces on the Polish rescuers we met.
I met
many memorable people, including Rabbi Laurie Skopitz, who I write about in the
book Love
on the Road 2013.
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| Arno in Krakow |
I
also met Arno, from Canada. Arno was handsome and charming and very talented.
He kept us mesmerized with his brilliant conversations and piano playing. What
really got to me about Arno, though, was that for the first time in my life I
felt that someone had some awareness of me that others lacked. Arno had been
abused by his father. I had been abused, too. Being abused by your parent as a
child is an isolating experience. You are different from everyone else. No one
else has any idea what you are going through. Arno knew, and I felt connected
in a way I had never felt before.
Arno's
dad had been in a concentration camp. My parents had been through particularly
hellish immigration experiences. Arno and I were both victims of historical
injustices that occurred before we were born.
The connection
between the microcosm of Arno and me and the macrocosm of Polish-Jewish
relations was too obvious to miss.
I
returned to the US determined to make some contribution to this field. I was
hardly the type you'd imagine as a PhD candidate. I am dyslexic and blue
collar. I thought my determination could break down these obstacles.
I
decided to return to Poland for the year of 1988-89. I didn't plan on it, but
that was the year that communism fell. I spent a lot of time on the street
protesting and running from water cannons and Zomo, aka Smurfs, paramilitary police.
I worked hard to improve my Polish language skills. I decided that in grad
school I'd study Polish folk Christmas plays that feature a Jewish character.
I got
my MA at UC Berkeley under the brilliant Alan Dundes, whose scholarship made a
huge contribution to my life. I moved on to IU Bloomington where, my first
semester there, I was harassed by the professor for whom I worked because I
missed four workdays to attend my father's funeral. I was asked to testify
against this professor, and I did. During that testimony, that lasted for the
entire spring semester, my inner ear burst. For the next six years I was often
functionally paralyzed and vomited uncontrollably. Nystagmus, uncontrollable
eye tremors, made it all but impossible to read.
On
the days when I was relatively healthy, I did nothing but read about
Polish-Jewish relations, Christian-Jewish relations, etc.
Doctors
told me that people with inner ear problems should not fly. My hopes of
conducting research in Poland were dashed.
But
another topic was presenting itself to me.
The
way my professors talked to me. My professor stopping class to deliver a long
lecture on how hateful and worthless Poland was and is, though Poland had absolutely
nothing to do with the subject matter of the class. A professor getting up and
leaving the room in the middle of a meeting and never returning. A professor
telling me that my work could not be accepted because I am Polish and Catholic
and therefore suspect. A professor telling a Polak joke in class and students
laughing. A famous professor cultivating me as his mentee, and then dropping
all contact with him when I told him I wanted to work on Polish-Jewish
relations.
I'd
write about the brute Polak stereotype.
And I
did.
Ohio
University Press gave me a signed contract promising publication within a year.
During that year I never heard from them … I emailed … what's going on? At the
end of a year I received a letter from the press' editor. My book was
"sensitive" and "controversial." I needed to make changes for
Ohio University Press to publish it.
The
changes: take a book written about negative stereotypes of Poles and turn it
into a book about how anti-Semitic Poles are.
I.
Kid. You. Not.
I
have so many stories like that. They stretch across almost a decade. How about
this one. On the campus of Fordham University, a Catholic school, I was told
that I needed a Jewish scholar to endorse the book before Fordham University
Press could publish it.
"A
Jewish scholar does endorse the book," I pointed out. "Antony
Polonsky."
Yes,
but, he doesn't look Jewish in a photograph, and "Polonsky" sounds
like it could be a Polish name.
Finally,
Academic Studies Press published Bieganski.
They are to be lauded for their courage. And the publishers are Jewish
themselves, so please don't assume that all this cowardice and venality is a Jewish
problem.
But
my determination did not win the day. I never got the tenure-track job. I have
never taught a class where I could apply the knowledge I gained from writing Bieganski.
Adjuncts teach what we are told to teach. One semester I taught Caribbean
literature.
It's
frustrating and heartbreaking but life goes on.
***
In
August, 2019, I received an email from a stranger. Given that I blog about
Polish-Jewish relations and stereotypes of Poles, I receive a fair amount of
angry and irrational email. The email's sender, Dr. Marek Blazejak, said he was
part of an organizing committee putting together a conference on misrepresentation
of Polish history re: World War II. There are some extremists on all sides of
this question and I don't want to associate with extremists. I said, "tell
me more," which is pretty non-committal.
I
also asked others. Did they know about this conference? Were the planners okay,
or were they extremists?
What
do I mean by extremists? I think of two kinds.
The first
kind denies that any Polish person has ever done any bad thing. Think, for
example, of the particularly nightmarish 1946 Kielce pogrom. In 1946, in
Kielce, Poland, Poles stoned Jewish Holocaust survivors to death on the basis
of blood libel. Approximately 40 Jews were killed, with a gun, a bayonet, or
with clubs, fists, and stones. Women and children were killed.
Decent
people are horrified by this event. Some claim that it's all the fault of Soviet
Russian occupiers. I consider such people to be extremists. Poles killed these
Jews, and blaming these killings on the Russians is not helpful.
Attempts
to whitewash events like the Kielce pogrom is one form of extremism. There are
others. Some insist that all Poles are guilty and must be smeared in perpetuity.
I don't want to be part of that form of extremism, either.
I
asked around about the conference and I could not discover much.
I
agreed to speak. I'm a big believer in dialogue and I thought that no matter who
organized or attended the conference, they could benefit from my talk.
I
hope to post a subsequent post offering a less personal overview of the conference.
In this post I want to talk about some personal aspects.
***
First,
I was nervous about going. My car is twenty years old. I know zip about car
maintenance. I can't even change a tire. The New York to DC corridor is one of the
busiest routes in the world. Buses are cheap and trains are nice, but I have
health problems.
After
a surgery three years ago, I developed an issue that doctors, so far, have been
unable to diagnose or treat. The salient feature of this issue is pain. I tell
people that I'm experiencing "torture level pain" and they respond,
"Yes, I have arthritis" or "Yes, I've fallen down stairs."
Now.
I'm an old lady and I have arthritis, too. And I've fallen. This isn't what I'm
talking about.
I'm
talking about torture-level pain.
Luckily
the pain is not long lasting, but when it hits, it's overwhelming. Nothing
addresses it. Too, I lose the ability to use affected muscles.
I
could be driving down the New Jersey Turnpike and suddenly lose the ability to
move my hand. Scary.
About
ten doctors, at this point, have tried to diagnose the issue. I've been tested
for, and given drugs to treat, Lou Gehrig's disease, Parkinson's, cerebral
palsy, polio, and MS. Fun! Nobody, so far, knows what's going on, but one thing
I do know is that when I am immobile, things get worse. As long as I keep
moving, I'm relatively okay.
So, I
didn't dare take the bus. Scared as I was, I had to drive. If the pain started
up, I could pull into a rest stop and walk around, and I did just that.
When
you are poor and chronically ill, the world is a scary place abounding in
traps, bushwhacks, delays, potholes and thwarted hopes. Living in a city like Paterson
you just get used to things not working.
As
soon as I drove beyond Paterson I was kind of surprised that the New Jersey
Turnpike is not beset by dinosaurs, volcanos, and earthquakes. I mean, I was so
ready to be eaten alive by the New Jersey Turnpike and it was just … a drive.
Smooth road, drivers obeying traffic regulations, car doing what I hoped it
would do.
My
first memento mori was in Delaware. Traffic slowed to a crawl. Accident up ahead.
Back in St. Francis School the nuns taught us to pray the Hail Mary when we saw
emergency rescue vehicles. I did.
When
I actually saw the accident, I gasped. An 18-wheeler was very far off the road.
It had plowed up trees and dirt and its front looked like an accordion. The truck
must have been going at something like full speed. I googled and found the
truck driver's name. I went to his Facebook page, and I found, at the top of
his page, a photo of the very truck I saw, but when it was brand new. God rest
your soul, sir.
When
I drove past the exit for Johns Hopkins I shouted out loud encouragement to a
loved one who had traveled there to have a brain tumor removed. I asked if I
could visit but I was told it would be a bad time, so I kept driving.
High
school friend Terry and her husband Chuck put me up for my first night in the
DC area. It was really wonderful seeing Terry again. We had not seen each other
since high school. It was as if no time had passed. Terry was warm and
welcoming.
My
hometown was tiny, but there were people from the Philippines, China, India,
Ukraine, Poland, Lebanon, Italy, Ireland, Finland, Spain, Slovakia, Ramapo
Mountain people, Jews, Catholics, Protestants, Hindus, all in that tiny little
town. We all worked for a living, often at unglamorous jobs like cleaning
houses and making candles. We got along. I have no memory, none, of ever
locking the door on my house or needing a key to enter the house. If your neighbor
left his car lights on, you opened the car door and turned the lights off.
People entered our house without knocking. If you did something bad, the
neighbors told your parents before you got home. It was that kind of town.
Terry
had gotten tickets to attend a dinner at which Nancy Pelosi spoke. The food was
fantastic. Nancy's speech was good. She was rational and patriotic. She invoked
God, the Founding Fathers, and Ronald Reagan, all lovingly. Draw your own
comparisons with any other contemporary public figure. You can hear Nancy's
talk here.
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| Emily |
That
night I slept with a tiny kitten named Emily. Emily showed up in Terry's yard
as a starving cast-off, and warm-hearted Terry took her in and is giving her a good
home. Emily walked on my face, a fuzzy, delicate, kitten paw massage, and
snuggled inside the blankets with me. Later, when I returned from DC, Emily
looked as if we had never met. Cats are so fickle.
I
took the Metro into DC with Chuck, a PhD who works for the government doing
good things for poor people, God bless him. I checked into the hotel, carefully
keeping my backpack in the bathtub, a "hack" to avoid bedbugs. There
may be no dinosaurs on the New Jersey Turnpike, but I've heard enough hotel/bedbug
stories to be paranoid.
I
reported to the Press Club.
The
venue was lush. Gorgeous navy blue, white, and gold wall-to-wall carpeting, huge
screen for our visual aids.
Excellent
food. Croissant sandwiches. Choice of filling: grilled vegetables, roast beef,
chicken, tuna. Super rich, dark and delicious brownies for dessert. Still and sparkling
Saratoga water, and several flavors of iced tea. We had great food throughout
the conference.
That
night the Indian Embassy invited us for a screening of a film about WW II era
Polish refugee children taken in by a compassionate maharaja in India. I have
been in love with the best of India since I was five years old. I was a Peace
Corps volunteer in Nepal. It was very touching for me to be among Polish people
in an Indian embassy.
The
Nepali ambassador was there. After the film was over, I overcame my shyness,
walked up to him and said, "तपाईंको देश धेरै रमाइलो छ" The ambassador's face lit up. He
touched me all over and gave me what he told me was his personal phone number
and insisted that I come to his house for दाल भट. I never did call him. I am too shy. I
will send him a note through the mail. But this encounter was very moving to
me.
Tuesday
night the pain struck. It was the worst night I've had since this all began
three years ago. It was terrifying. I spent the entire night screaming and writhing.
I did not sleep. The pain is very erratic. Its erratic arrival and duration make
it very hard to see any cause and effect, other than that I do better when I'm moving
and worse when I'm sitting still. I made it a point to walk around DC. I walked
*seven miles* on Tuesday!
Maybe
the caffeine? I noticed a relationship between caffeine consumption and pain.
Perhaps because when I am sitting still I am usually working and sipping diet cola?
I cut caffeine out of my diet over a year ago.
Driving
down, I experienced white-line fever and drank a Diet Coke on the road. I also
drank iced tea at the conference. Was that it? I don't know. All I know is that
Tuesday night was hell. And I was scheduled to speak Wednesday morning. And I
did.
I hope
to say more about my talk in a subsequent post.
After
my talk, I was leaning against the wall and a gentleman walked up behind me and
nudged my arm. "Would you like to step outside?" he asked.
I had
no idea who he was and "Would you like to step outside" sounded like
something you'd say in a bar to someone whom you wanted to punch in the face. But
"Always say yes" is the first rule of improvisational theater and
also the first rule of speaking on Polish-Jewish relations. So, I said yes.
In
the hallway, the mystery man introduced himself. It was Gene Sokolowski! Gene
tells his story here.
As the title says, Gene is the son of a concentration camp survivor, and the
grandson of a Nazi officer.
I had
never met Gene before, and I guess I assumed he'd be like so many other
children of that godforsaken era – a dour and bitter person whose heaviness you
could feel from across the room. In fact Gene is a charmer, handsome and
genial, with a ready-for-broadcast-news voice. We later walked to the Lincoln
Memorial together.
***
I
loved this conference. I still have no idea if the planners are extremists of
any stripe. I didn't spend much time talking to any of them. The conference was
jam-packed with speakers, events, and food. I heard only one talk that struck me
as potentially setting off any alarms, a "reconsideration" of Roman
Dmowski. I would have liked to have had a hearty discussion after that
presentation, but time would not allow it.
I
loved being in rooms filled with people with whom I have something in common,
who think and care about some of the same things I think and care about. I
loved the quality of the scholarship. The presenters were all serious people
who had depths of knowledge on important matters. I loved the obvious outlay of
expenditures. God bless the donors who made all this possible, from my hotel
room mere blocks from the White House and Capital dome to the ultra-rich
brownies. I loved the multiculturalism, the bonds between Poland and India and
other lands where Polish refugees found shelter.
***
I
want to say something difficult, so I may as well get it over with.
As
far as I could tell, everyone at this conference was Polish. I found myself
thinking, and saying, we really should have black people here, Jewish people
here, etc.
On
the last day, I realized that I had had a good experience with just Polish people.
I
thought of an exchange that occurred on Facebook in March, 2018.
Again,
I had given my life to this work, and I had no means to share it. Not many people
were buying the book. I wasn't teaching the classes I had hoped, someday, to
teach on this topic. I wanted, before I die, to share my work. I thought a
video would be a way to do that.
I am
not tech savvy. I am a Luddite. I muddled through creating a video discussing
my work. It took me a week to put the video together.
"Bill,"
a Facebook friend of Jewish ethnicity (I see no sign that he is religiously observant)
posted the following:
"I've
just listened to 20 or so minutes of your Bieganski presentation. It's
interesting but, at least so far, is slanted in very specific ways. One way is
evident in your repeated comments about the 'Shylock stereotype.' There are
equally pervasive stereotypes of Jews that have been even more deadly, the
Christ-killer stereotype being the most obvious, persistent, & destructive
to Jewish life on this planet. That stereotype was a presiding trope throughout
Europe - & that most definitely included throughout Poland - before,
during, & after the Holocaust. Perhaps you touch on this stereotype, this
blood libel, later in your book & in your video, but it certainly doesn't
come up in the section I've listened to & read."
I
assess what Bill wrote as astoundingly contemptuous, condescending, and
hostile.
My
work is "slanted in very specific ways." What an ugly accusation.
Bill provided zero support for this accusation.
What
Bill wrote is also factually false. I do mention blood libel in this video and I
discuss it at length in my book Bieganski.
Bill couldn't be bothered to attend to my work before he condemned it in
the harshest terms possible.
But there's
more.
Bill
launches into an attack on Christianity. Christianity itself is responsible for
hate. It's all about Jews as "Christ-killers" Bill wrote, "the
most obvious, persistent, & destructive to Jewish life on this planet. That
stereotype was a presiding trope throughout Europe - & that most definitely
included throughout Poland - before, during, & after the Holocaust."
I've
seen this observation many times, most recently in Bari Weiss' new book, How to Fight Anti-Semitism. I review
Weiss' book here.
Weiss, like Bill, blames all anti-Semitism on Christians and Christianity.
To
folks holding this conviction, any time any hater harms a Jew, it is, not just
the fault of Christians, but of Christianity itself.
Japan
has a thriving anti-Semitism industry. Japan's anti-Semitism is the fault of
Christians and Christianity.
Islam's
foundational texts teach a hatred of Jews that is terrifying and unmoderated by
conflicting texts. That is the fault of Christians and Christianity. Weiss says
as much in her book.
What
about atheist leftists like UK Labor leader Jeremy Corbyn? Their anti-Semitism,
though they are atheists, is all the fault of Christians and Christianity.
Bullshit.
Bill
is wrong. "Christ-Killer" is *not* the most destructive trope.
I
don't know Bill well, but I have seen no evidence on his page that he has
devoted disciplined study to anti-Semitism. He certainly did not support his
condescending accusations against me with any scholarship.
I
spent years of my life reading accounts of anti-Semitic atrocities, documents,
and movements around the world. On the basis of these years of research, I
stand by my assertion that the Shylock stereotype is the greater danger.
Bill
conflated the "Christ-killer" trope with blood libel. Again, no. I
address blood libel at length in Bieganski.
Blood libel is *not* best understood in relation to "Christ-killer" tropes.
It is best understood as body-exploitation folklore, a genre of folklore that
existed before Christianity and that still prompts atrocities today, utterly
without reference to either Christianity or Judaism.
Bill
assumes, as do too many Jewish people I've met, that Christians are steeped in
"Christ-killer" imagery. I never even heard of this motif till I
started studying Polish-Jewish relations. I grew up in a Catholic home,
attended mass weekly if not daily, and went to Catholic school. I know other
Catholics who say the same. Bill ignorantly assumes ugly things about my faith
and my tradition and he doesn't even question his own assumptions.
What
did I hear? "How do you drive a Jew crazy? Put him in a round room and
tell him that there is a nickel in the corner."
I
also heard this: "How do you drive a Polak crazy? Put him in a round room
and tell him to piss in the corner."
And
this: "What do you call the son of a Jewish father and a Polish mother? A
janitor in a medical school."
Unlike
Bill, I devoted years of my life to studying these images.
There
are some people who criticize Judaism who do what Bill did. They allege that
Judaism, as a religion, is the source of hatred. They cite the Birkat haMinim, a
prayer that Christians be destroyed, they cite profoundly disturbing passages
about Jesus in the
Talmud, and Polish-Jewish memoirists like Leon Weliczker Wells who
described, in detail, the religiously-supported, utter separation that his
observant Jewish family maintained from Catholic Poles. (See his memoir, specifically
page 8.) For example, Jews could not break bread with Catholic Poles
because "wine became un-kosher if a gentile merely looked at it … We never
spoke Polish. Polish was negatively called goish."
In
fact there was a scholar who did blame problems between Jews and non-Jews on
Jewish religion: Israel Shahak. He was a Holocaust survivor and an Israeli
professor of organic chemistry. He wrote a very controversial book. And he was pilloried
for it.
Yes,
there are problematic verses in the New Testament. Anti-Semites have capitalized
on those verses. If I had magic scissors, I would cut them out. I don't have
magic scissors. But here's the thing. There are much worse verses in the Old
Testament. The New Testament authors were Jews writing in a self-critical,
over-the-top Jewish tradition of calling down imprecations from God on those
perceived to be sinners. Jews and Christians must work together to defuse the
power of these verses.
As
for Judaism's anti-gentile verses. There are other verses, many in the Bible
and in the Talmud, that celebrate and insist on human unity and importance,
regardless of ethnicity or region. The Talmud interprets the creation of Adam
in Genesis to mean that all men are equal in the eyes of God, and all men are
brothers. Again and again in the Old Testament, non-Jews are celebrated as
heroes. See Rahab and Ruth.
God
liberated the Israelites from slavery in Egypt. The Israelites pass through the
Red Sea, but Pharaoh's troops drown in that same sea. Angels begin to sing in celebration
of their death. In the Talmud, God says to the angels, "How dare you sing
for joy when My creatures are dying?" The Talmud, in this story, affirms
the unity of humanity, and the importance of all people, no matter their
religion or ethnicity, in the eyes of God.
Yes,
you can pick and choose verses from the Torah or Talmud and through legerdemain
use those verses to indict Judaism itself as a source of evil. But to do so is
misleading and leaves out important material.
Similarly,
if you quote Leon Weliczer Wells on how divorced from, and contemptuous of, his
observant Jewish family was of surrounding Poles, you leave out important material
if you don't also mention Jews like Michal
Landy and other Jews who fought and sometimes died for Poland.
Yes,
you can pick and choose verses from the New Testament and insist that those verses
prove that Christianity is evil. But you must leave out certain facts. The New Testament
never recommends that Christians hurt or kill anyone. Jesus is Jewish. His
followers are Jews. Almost every verse in the NT has a parallel in the Old. The
NT teaches that "Salvation is from the Jews"
Yes, Bill
and Bari Weiss can pick and choose verses from the New Testament and claim that
those verses explain, for all time, anti-Semitism wherever it crops up, from Japan
to Iran to ancient, pre-Christian Rome to modern day atheist leftists. When
Bill and Bari do this, they are wrong.
Years
of reading on this topic have convinced me that the middleman minority paradigm
has more explanatory power than Matthew 27: 24-25. Denigrating
Christianity on the basis of selective reading is no more of an honorable
project than denigrating Judaism on the basis of selective reading.
***
Back
to the conference. Again, I found myself thinking, "We should have a more
diverse crowd here."
But
then I realized. If we had had a more diverse crowd, there would be people like
Bill and Bari there, and their only reason for being there would be to put us
down, to make us feel ashamed, and to use our identity as proof of their own
prejudices. And that would have made the conference a very different experience.
This
kind of kneejerk contempt for Polish people is all-too-often expressed by Poles
themselves. In September, a Polish-American mentioned the conference on the
Facebook page for PAHA, The
Polish American Historical Association. Another Polish-American responded,
"My suspicions were immediately aroused by two of the program's 5 goals:
'Overcoming false stereotypes about Poland and Poles in the US, primarily in
the context of World War II and its aftermath' and 'Publication and
distribution of a conference book on the history of Poland, with corrections of
the most prevalent and striking falsehoods' … [the conference's] agenda and
presentations must be viewed critically, if not with suspicion."
Huh?
I asked
this man why he felt it necessary to denounce a conference he knew nothing
about. He told me I was too stupid and ignorant to understand the depth of his
comment.
I
emailed him this morning and told him I'd be writing about his comment. Did he
want to explain? I haven't received any reply.
Again,
as I said above, there are extremists out there who deny that any Polish person
ever did any bad thing. Those extremists are to be avoided. I did not encounter
those extremists at the conference, as far as I know. I heard one talk that
struck me as controversial, the one on insisting that we need to look again at
Roman Dmowski.
My point
is that even some Polish people have internalized self-hate and view anything
Poles say with a jaundiced eye, and I was happy to be in an environment where I
didn't have constantly to be on the defensive against irrational attacks and
contempt.
***
There's
so much more to say, but this is long enough. I'd better stop here and save the
rest for a subsequent post.
***
I am
low-income and chronically ill. Before I left for the conference, I realized I
did not have enough money for gas, tolls, and snacks. I thought, if ten people donate
ten dollars each, that should be enough. I asked on the blog and on Facebook
for donations.
Facebook
friends came through, very quickly, with more than enough donations. I am very
grateful to them.
Note
that many donors are not Polish, and some are Jewish. This is testimony to the
donors' generosity and willingness to support scholarship. God bless them!
Alex Bensky
Cynthia
Chastain-Tong
Kathy
Cherwinski-Long
Otto
Gross
Halina
Koralewski
Bartosz
Michalski
Polish
Girl
Danuta
Reah
Charles
Romeo
Liron
Rubin
Teresa
Rybkowska Klatka
Daria
Sockey
Gene
Sokolowski
Alexandra
Tesluk-Gibson
Kimberly
Wachtel
Dr. Edward "Rusty" Walker
Iza
Terry
Winkler-Romeo
Karen
A. Wyle
Joshua
Zoppi
